Where Pyke's numbers come from
Pyke is a tracking tool, not medical advice. These are the published sources behind each number it shows or uses.
Resting metabolic rate
Pyke estimates the calories your body burns at rest from your sex, age, height and weight, and builds your daily target on top of that.
- Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;51(2):241-247. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/51.2.241
Resting rate from lean mass
If you give a body-fat estimate between 5 and 60%, Pyke works out your lean mass and uses 370 + 21.6 kcal per kg of lean mass as your resting rate instead. It only does this when that figure is at least 85% of the estimate above: a body-fat guess that puts your resting rate far below it is more likely a wrong guess than a real body, and a low resting rate would mean eating too little. When it is not used, the screen says so.
- Cunningham JJ. A reanalysis of the factors influencing basal metabolic rate in normal adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33(11):2372-2374. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/33.11.2372
- Cunningham JJ. Body composition as a determinant of energy expenditure: a synthetic review and a proposed general prediction equation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(6):963-969. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.6.963
Activity level multipliers
Your activity answer (mostly seated, lightly active, moderately active, very active) multiplies your resting rate by 1.2, 1.375, 1.55 or 1.725 to estimate total daily burn. If you tell Pyke your job instead, a mostly seated job uses 1.2, a job on your feet 1.55 and a physical job 1.725.
- These are the conventional activity-factor ladder used alongside equations like Mifflin-St Jeor, not the FAO/WHO/UNU physical activity level (PAL) bands, which start at 1.40. The report below is cited as the source for the concept of a physical activity level, not for Pyke's own multipliers. FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Human energy requirements. FAO Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series 1, Rome, 2004. https://www.fao.org/4/y5686e/y5686e00.htm
Daily steps bands
If you tell Pyke how many steps you take a day, in total and including training, that beats both answers above. Under 5,000 steps uses 1.2, 5,000 to 7,499 uses 1.375, 7,500 to 9,999 uses 1.55, 10,000 to 12,499 uses 1.725, and 12,500 or more uses 1.9. The step bands are the published ones below; matching each band to a multiplier is Pyke's own choice.
- Tudor-Locke C, Bassett DR Jr. How many steps/day are enough? Preliminary pedometer indices for public health. Sports Med. 2004;34(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434010-00001
- Tudor-Locke C, et al. Revisiting "how many steps are enough?". Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(7 Suppl):S537-S543. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c7133
Training sessions
If you tell Pyke how many days a week you train and how long a session lasts, it adds the session's burn on top of your activity answer: 4 kcal per kg of body weight per hour of training, spread across the week. That is a moderate figure among the published values for resistance training. It is not added when your steps set the multiplier (your steps already include the session) or when your maintenance comes from a wearable or from your own log (they already saw the session).
- Ainsworth BE, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(8):1575-1581. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12
Protein target
Pyke sets your protein target between 1.8 and 2.2 g per kg of bodyweight. If you gave a body-fat estimate that Pyke used, protein is set per kg of lean mass instead: 2.6 g when losing fat and 2.2 g otherwise. If your goal weight is below your current weight, protein is set from the goal weight.
- Jäger R, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017;14:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8
- Morton RW, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(6):376-384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608
- Protein per kg of lean mass during a deficit follows Helms ER, Aragon AA, Fitschen PJ. Evidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementation. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-11-20
Fat target and carb preference
Pyke sets your fat target at 27% of your daily calories (balanced), 35% if you prefer lower carb, or 20% if you prefer higher carb. Carbohydrate takes the rest.
- All three sit inside the Institute of Medicine's Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range of 20 to 35% of energy from fat. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. National Academies Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.17226/10490
Rate of loss or gain
Pyke sets your pace as a share of your body weight each week: losing between 0.5% and 1% a week, or gaining between 0.25% and 0.45% a week. Recomposition uses half the loss rate. A deficit is never larger than 25% of your maintenance calories, and a surplus is never more than 500 kcal a day, because gaining faster than that is mostly fat.
- Loss at 0.5 to 1% of body weight a week follows Helms ER, Aragon AA, Fitschen PJ. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-11-20
- Gain at a quarter to half a percent a week follows Iraki J, Fitschen P, Espinar S, Helms E. Nutrition recommendations for bodybuilders in the off-season: a narrative review. Sports. 2019;7(7):154. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7070154
- The underlying energy-imbalance model is Hall KD, et al. Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):826-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60812-X
Calorie floors
Pyke never lets a calculated target fall below 1,200 kcal a day for women, or 1,500 kcal for men and when sex is not stated. While you are breastfeeding the floor is 1,800 kcal. During pregnancy Pyke calculates no target at all; a number you enter from your doctor's or dietitian's plan is not saved below 1,200 kcal.
- The floors are Pyke's own safety rules, informed by the guidance in National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. NIH, 1998. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/ob_gdlns.pdf
- You can move the pace slider or type your own kcal, protein and fat, but an edited number is never saved below these same floors - the guard applies to what you type as well as to what Pyke calculates.
Breastfeeding
Pyke never sets a deficit while you are breastfeeding. Your target is your maintenance plus 330 kcal a day while your baby is under 6 months old, or plus 400 kcal from 6 months, and never below 1,800 kcal. Talk to your doctor or dietitian about what is right for you.
- The 330 and 400 kcal figures are the Institute of Medicine's estimates of the extra energy a breastfeeding woman needs above her own requirement in the first six months and after. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. National Academies Press, 2005. https://doi.org/10.17226/10490
Checked against what happened
After 14 to 21 days of logged food and weigh-ins, Pyke can check your maintenance against what actually happened. Over the last 21 days it averages the days you logged in full, fits a line through your weigh-ins, and counts each kg gained or lost as 7,700 kcal. It needs at least 14 logged days and 4 weigh-ins spread across the window, and moves your maintenance by at most 300 kcal at a time. It only ever proposes the change; nothing moves until you confirm it.
- This is the energy-balance relationship described in Hall KD, et al. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):826-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60812-X
Daily burn from a wearable
If you connect a WHOOP, Pyke can offer its daily burn in place of an estimate. It averages the last 14 complete days, ending yesterday, leaves out any day more than 30% away from the middle value, and needs at least 10 days that remain. Apple Health is not used for this, because the figure it shares is the energy burned by activity, not your whole day. This is Pyke's own rule, not a published method.
Water target
Pyke shows a water target of 2.5 L a day for everyone.
- EFSA's own adequate intake is 2.0 L a day for women and 2.5 L a day for men; Pyke currently shows the single higher figure rather than splitting it by sex. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water. EFSA Journal. 2010;8(3):1459. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459
Sleep and readiness
Pyke's readiness reading anchors on 8 hours of sleep: more sleep scores higher, up to the cap, with 8 hours as the anchor. 8 hours sits inside the 7 to 9 hour range recommended for adults.
- Hirshkowitz M, et al. National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):40-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
Activity and steps
Pyke's default step target is a fixed ladder - 7,000 steps a day, rising to 8,000 and then 10,000 as you progress - not a number derived from either source below; a program can carry its own step target instead. They are cited as the evidence that daily steps and weekly activity matter for health, which is why Pyke tracks and targets them at all.
- Bull FC, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451-1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
- Paluch AE, et al. Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(3):e219-e228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9
Muscle soreness on the recovery heatmap
Pyke marks a muscle as very sore up to 24 hours after training it, sore up to 48 hours, then recovering up to 96 hours, with an easing band from 48 to 72 hours in between.
- These windows follow the timeline of delayed-onset muscle soreness described in Cheung K, Hume PA, Maxwell L. Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med. 2003;33(2):145-164. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333020-00005
Training frequency and weekly volume guidance given to Coach AI
When Coach AI drafts or revises your program, the frequency and set-volume guidance it works from follows:
- Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn D, Krieger JW. Effects of Resistance Training Frequency on Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(11):1689-1697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0543-8
- Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn D, Krieger JW. Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2017;35(11):1073-1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1210197
Resting heart rate and HRV, shown for context
When a wearable is connected, Pyke displays your resting heart rate and HRV alongside the readiness reading. They are shown for context and do not feed into or change the score - the estimate above is computed from sleep alone, and a connected WHOOP's recovery percentage is WHOOP's own score (see WHOOP recovery below). The citation below is background on why resting heart rate and HRV are meaningful recovery signals worth showing, not a source for how Pyke's reading is calculated.
- Plews DJ, Laursen PB, Stanley J, Kilding AE, Buchheit M. Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: opening the door to effective monitoring. Sports Med. 2013;43(9):773-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0071-8
Blood markers
If you add a blood test, Pyke shows what each result it recognises measures, in general terms, and whether it sits below, inside or above the range printed on your report. The explanation text is written by Pyke and never by the AI, and it stays inside food, training and rest: it never diagnoses, never names a condition and never suggests a supplement, a dose or a medication. Any result marked low or high is for you and your doctor to discuss. The sources behind each explanation are below.
Reference ranges differ between labs; the range printed on your report is the one that applies. Talk to your doctor about any flagged result.
- Vitamin D: Holick MF, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385
- Ferritin, iron, transferrin saturation and hemoglobin: Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. N Engl J Med. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1401038
- Vitamin B12: Stabler SP. Vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1113996
- Folate: Bailey LB, et al. Biomarkers of nutrition for development: folate review. J Nutr. 2015. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.206599
- HbA1c and fasting glucose: American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes 2024, section 2. Diabetes Care. 2024. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S002
- Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides: Grundy SM, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC multisociety guideline on the management of blood cholesterol. Circulation. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625
- TSH and free T4: Jonklaas J, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism (ATA). Thyroid. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2014.0028
- Creatinine and eGFR: KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of CKD. Kidney Int. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018
- ALT and AST: Kwo PY, et al. ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.517
- CRP: Pearson TA, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease (AHA/CDC). Circulation. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45
- Body fat percentage from a body-composition report: Gallagher D, et al. Healthy percentage body fat ranges. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694
WHOOP recovery
If you connect a WHOOP account, the recovery percentage Pyke shows is WHOOP's own score, computed by WHOOP and passed through unchanged. Pyke does not calculate it.
Coach AI replies are generated text and can be wrong. They are not medical advice. Talk to a doctor before changing your diet or training if you have a medical condition.